View revision history Report problem with Article. Citation, DOI and article data. Dixon, A. Saddle joint. Reference article, Radiopaedia. Sellar joint Saddle joints Sellar joints Articulation by reciprocal reception Double plane joints Double plane joint. URL of Article. Movements Saddle joints allow movement with two degrees of freedom much like condyloid joints.
In this way, one bone moves while the other remains stationary, like the hinge of a door. The elbow is an example of a hinge joint. The knee is sometimes classified as a modified hinge joint Figure Pivot joints consist of the rounded end of one bone fitting into a ring formed by the other bone. This structure allows rotational movement, as the rounded bone moves around its own axis. An example of a pivot joint is the joint of the first and second vertebrae of the neck that allows the head to move back and forth Figure The joint of the wrist that allows the palm of the hand to be turned up and down is also a pivot joint.
Condyloid joints consist of an oval-shaped end of one bone fitting into a similarly oval-shaped hollow of another bone Figure This is also sometimes called an ellipsoidal joint. This type of joint allows angular movement along two axes, as seen in the joints of the wrist and fingers, which can move both side to side and up and down.
Saddle joints are so named because the ends of each bone resemble a saddle, with concave and convex portions that fit together.
Saddle joints allow angular movements similar to condyloid joints but with a greater range of motion. An example of a saddle joint is the thumb joint, which can move back and forth and up and down, but more freely than the wrist or fingers Figure Ball-and-socket joints possess a rounded, ball-like end of one bone fitting into a cuplike socket of another bone. This organization allows the greatest range of motion, as all movement types are possible in all directions.
Examples of ball-and-socket joints are the shoulder and hip joints Figure Watch this animation showing the six types of synovial joints. Rheumatologists are medical doctors who specialize in the diagnosis and treatment of disorders of the joints, muscles, and bones. They diagnose and treat diseases such as arthritis, musculoskeletal disorders, osteoporosis, and autoimmune diseases such as ankylosing spondylitis and rheumatoid arthritis.
Rheumatoid arthritis RA is an inflammatory disorder that primarily affects the synovial joints of the hands, feet, and cervical spine. Affected joints become swollen, stiff, and painful. Immune cells from the blood enter joints and the synovium causing cartilage breakdown, swelling, and inflammation of the joint lining. Breakdown of cartilage causes bones to rub against each other causing pain. RA is more common in women than men and the age of onset is usually 40—50 years of age.
Rheumatologists can diagnose RA on the basis of symptoms such as joint inflammation and pain, X-ray and MRI imaging, and blood tests.
Arthrography is a type of medical imaging of joints that uses a contrast agent, such as a dye, that is opaque to X-rays. This allows the soft tissue structures of joints—such as cartilage, tendons, and ligaments—to be visualized. An arthrogram differs from a regular X-ray by showing the surface of soft tissues lining the joint in addition to joint bones. An arthrogram allows early degenerative changes in joint cartilage to be detected before bones become affected. There is currently no cure for RA; however, rheumatologists have a number of treatment options available.
Early stages can be treated with rest of the affected joints by using a cane or by using joint splints that minimize inflammation.
When inflammation has decreased, exercise can be used to strengthen the muscles that surround the joint and to maintain joint flexibility.
If joint damage is more extensive, medications can be used to relieve pain and decrease inflammation. Anti-inflammatory drugs such as aspirin, topical pain relievers, and corticosteroid injections may be used. Surgery may be required in cases in which joint damage is severe. This type of joint helps in rotatory movement. An example ball and socket joint are the shoulders. Condyloid Joints -. They are the joints with two axes which enable up-down and side-to-side motions. The condyloid joints are often found at the bottom of the index, carpals of the wrist, elbow and therefore the wrist joints.
This joint is additionally referred to as a condylar, or ellipsoid joint. Gliding Joints -. They are a standard sort of articulatio synovialis.
It is also referred to as a plane or planar joint. This joint permits two or more round or flat bones to manoeuvre freely together with none rubbing or crushing of bones. This joint is especially found in those regions where the 2 bones meet and glide on each other in any of the directions.
The abdominal muscles support the trunk, allow movement and hold organs in place by regulating internal abdominal pressure. Acromegaly is caused by an excess of growth hormone in adults, which causes the overgrowth of bones in the face, hands, feet and internal organs.
Exercise can prevent age-related changes to muscles, bones and joints and can reverse these changes too. A person with amyloidosis produces aggregates of insoluble protein that cannot be eliminated from the body. Ankle sprain is a common sports injuries caused by overstretching and tearing the supporting ligaments. Content on this website is provided for information purposes only. Information about a therapy, service, product or treatment does not in any way endorse or support such therapy, service, product or treatment and is not intended to replace advice from your doctor or other registered health professional.
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